Gesetzgebung
Das Schiff ist heute und sehr wahrscheinlich auch für die nächsten Jahrzehnte der wichtigste Transportweg. Außerdem, im Vergleich zu anderen Verkehrsmitteln (Flugzeuge, LKW, Schiene) das energie-effizientes Verkehrssystem. Etwa 90% der weltweiten Fracht wird mit Schiffen transportiert. Diese Schiffe werden von Groß-Dieselmotoren betrieben, welche mit Restheizölen angeheizt werden.
Allerdings
ist die Verwendung von Restheizölen von über mehr als 300 Mio. Tonnen pro Jahr Grund für Umweltprobleme, die unbedingt gelöst
werden müssen. Die IMO hat in der Anlage VI des MARPOL-Abkommens im Oktober
2008 die Regulierung der Emissionen von Schiffsmotoren beschlossen. Der Fokus
liegt nun auf dem globalen Reduzierung von Schadstoffen wie Stickoxiden (NOx),
Schwefeldioxid (SOx) und Feinstaub (PM).
Die EU-Richtlinie 2005/33/EG beinhaltet, dass die Verwendung von Kraftstoffen mit weniger als 0,1% Schwefel für Schiffe in den Häfen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft gilt.
Beide Regularien,
der MARPOL Annex VI und die EU-Richtlinie 2005/33/EG
erlauben ausdrücklich den Einsatz von Technologien zur Emissionsminderung, sie stellen
Emissionsreduktionen mindestens gleichwertig oder sogar für sinnvoller dar
als den Einsatz von schwefelarmen Brennstoffen.
EU Directive 2005/33/EC
weiterlesen
The EU Directive 2005/33/EC, which came into effect on January 1st, 2010, clearly indicates that emissions from shipping due to the combustion of marine fuels with a high content of sulphur contribute to air pollution in the form of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter, harming human health, damaging the environment, public and private property and cultural heritage, and contributing to acidification. Furthermore, it says that human beings and the environment in coastal areas and in the vicinity of ports are particularly affected by pollution from ships using fuels high in sulphur. Since January 1st, 2010 the EU Directive 2005/33/EC regulates the use of fuels which contains
IMO MARPOL Annex VI
weiterlesen
The goal of limiting the emissions of SOx can be achieved by applying primary and secondary actions technology. In order to meet the legal restraints the usage of low sulphur fuel (primary action) is an option. However, there is limited availability of naturally low sulphur fuel and the refinery process for desulphurization of high sulphur fuel is costly in reference to the process itself and its energy consumption. This makes the low sulphur fuel more expensive and it is currently unclear if low sulphur fuel is available at the requested volume.
Under these conditions it is quite reasonable to specify secondary actions, especially as the IMO has recently adopted guidelines providing regulations for performance; verification, certification, operation and documentation of SOx scrubbers (see MEPC184). The SECA Compliance Plan (SCP) describes methods for compliance by each ship using scrubbers rather than low-sulphur fuel.
CARB – California Air Resources Board
weiterlesen
The California Air Resources Board is part of the California Environmental Protection Agency, an organization which reports directly to the Governor‘s Office in the Executive Branch of California State Government.
ARB has developed a rule that would require oceangoing ships to use a cleaner marine diesel fuel to power auxiliary engines while in California coastal waters and at berth. This would moreover require ships that frequently visit California ports to further reduce their emissions by either using low sulphur fuel (0.1 % S) or sufficient abatement technology. As of January 1st, 2010 all auxiliary engines of vessels operating in California harbors must use MGO (Marine Gas Oil) with less than 0.1 % sulphur and coming into effect on January 1st, 2012 this also applies for vessels sailing within 24 nm from the coast of California.
